IGNOU BCS-011-Computer Basics and PC Software, Latest Solved Assignment (July 2023 - January 2024 )
Q2. a) What is client/server architecture? What are its advantages and disadvantages? Is cloud computing also a client/server architecture? Justify your answer.
Ans. The notion of client-server architecture can be understood by the analogy of ordering a pizza for delivery. You call the store to order a pizza and someone picks up the call, takes your order, and then delivers it. Simple, right? Yes, this analogy pretty much answers the fundamental principle of client server architecture.
Simply put, two factors are involved :
A server is the one who provides requested services.
Clients are the ones who request services.
Client-server architecture is a computing model in which the server hosts, delivers, and manages most of the resources and services requested by the client. It is also known as the networking computing model or client-server network as all requests and services are delivered over a network. The client-server architecture or model has other systems connected over a network where resources are shared among the different computers.
Typically, client-server architecture is arranged in a way that clients are often situated at workstations or on personal computers, while servers are located elsewhere on the network, usually on more powerful machines. Such a model is especially beneficial when the clients and server perform routine tasks. For example, in hospital data processing, a client computer can be busy running an application program for entering patient information, meanwhile, the server computer can be running another program to fetch and manage the database in which the information is permanently stored.
Advantages :-
Centralization.
Scalability.
Easy Management.
Accessibility.
Data security.
Disadvantages :-
Network traffic congestion.
High cost.
Robustness.
Maintenance difficulty.
Unacquirable resources.
In summary, cloud architecture is or can be just another kind of a client/server architecture where the user is cunningly insulated from the client/server aspects of its implementation. It all depends on who controls what cloud and which cloud that we are talking about.
b) Explain the features and uses of the following computer software:
(i) Debugger :- A debugger is a software tool or program used by developers to identify and fix errors, defects, or issues in computer programs or code. It allows programmers to closely examine the execution of a program step by step, track variable values, inspect memory, and identify the source of bugs or unexpected behavior. Debuggers help streamline the process of software development by aiding in the detection and resolution of programming mistakes.
(ii) Linkers :- Linkers are software tools that play a crucial role in the process of compiling and creating executable programs from source code. They take separate object files, generated by a compiler, and combine them along with libraries to produce a final executable file. Linkers resolve references between different parts of the code, ensuring that functions and variables are connected properly. They also manage memory addresses, handle symbol tables, and optimize code layout for efficient execution. In summary, linkers are responsible for turning compiled code into a runnable program by integrating various components and resolving dependencies.
(iii) Editor :- An editor, in the context of software development, is a program or tool that allows programmers and developers to create, modify, and manage source code for software applications. Code editors provide features like syntax highlighting, auto-indentation, code completion, and often integrate with version control systems. They offer a focused environment for writing code efficiently and are an essential tool for software development workflows.
(iv) Spreadsheet software :- Spreadsheet software is a type of computer program that enables users to create, organize, and analyze data in a tabular format. It consists of rows and columns where users can input text, numbers, and formulas. Spreadsheet software provides tools for performing calculations, creating charts and graphs, and automating tasks. It’s commonly used for tasks such as financial analysis, budgeting, data tracking, and various types of numerical and data-driven tasks.
c) What is the kernel of an operating system of a Computer? Explain the terms multiuser, multiprogramming and multitasking in the context of an operating system.
Ans. The kernel of an operating system serves as the foundational software layer that facilitates the interaction between software applications and the underlying hardware components of a computer system. It forms the nucleus of the operating system, responsible for overseeing and coordinating a range of critical tasks that are fundamental to the system’s functioning.
At its core, the kernel acts as an intermediary between user-level applications and the hardware, abstracting the complex hardware details into a more manageable and standardized interface. This abstraction enables software developers to create applications without needing to concern themselves with the intricate nuances of various hardware devices.
The key functions of an operating system kernel include:
Process Management
Memory Management
Device Management
File System Management
System Calls.
Interrupt Handling
Security and Privileges
Kernel/User Space Separation
Multiuser: An operating system that supports multiuser functionality allows multiple users to interact with the same computer system simultaneously. Each user has their own user account and personalized environment while sharing the resources of the system.
Multiprogramming: Multiprogramming is a technique used by operating systems to maximize CPU utilization. It allows multiple programs to be loaded into memory simultaneously. The operating system switches between these programs quickly, giving the illusion that they are running concurrently
Multitasking: Multitasking is a broader concept that involves the simultaneous execution of multiple tasks or processes. This can include both multiprogramming (running multiple programs) and multiuser (serving multiple users) scenarios, ensuring efficient resource allocation and responsiveness in a computer system.
d) Differentiate between the following:
(i) GUI versus Voice Input :-
GUI (Graphical User Interface): GUI is a visual interface that uses graphical elements like windows, icons, and menus to interact with computers. It’s user-friendly and allows users to interact with software using mouse and keyboard input. Commonly used in desktop and mobile applications
Voice Input: Voice input involves using spoken language to interact with computers and devices. It’s hands-free and convenient, allowing users to give commands or input without typing. Commonly used in virtual assistants, smart speakers, and certain mobile applications.
(ii) File Management system versus Input/Output control system inthe context of an Operating system :-
File Management System: A file management system is responsible for organizing and managing files on storage devices. It provides functions to create, delete, read, write, and organize files and directories. It maintains metadata (attributes like size, permissions, timestamps) and offers features like access control, file searching, and file sharing. Examples include Windows File Explorer and Unix/Linux file systems.
Input/Output Control System: The input/output (I/O) control system manages communication between the computer and external devices, such as keyboards, monitors, disks, and network interfaces. It handles data transfers, buffering, and device synchronization. The I/O control system ensures efficient and reliable data exchange while coordinating between different speeds and data formats of devices.
(iii) A process versus a program :-
Program: A program refers to a set of instructions written in a programming language. It is a static entity stored on a storage medium (like a hard drive or flash memory) and represents a sequence of instructions that define a specific task or functionality. Programs are passive and don’t execute until they’re loaded into memory and run as processes.
Process: A process, on the other hand, is an active, dynamic instance of a program in execution. When a program is executed, it becomes a process that operates in its own memory space and interacts with the system’s resources, such as CPU, memory, and I/O devices. Each process has its own memory allocation, state, and execution context. Multiple processes can run concurrently on a multi-tasking operating system.
(iv) LINUX versus WINDOWS :-
Linux: Linux is an open-source operating system kernel that serves as the foundation for various Linux distributions (distros). It is known for its stability, security, and customization options. Linux distributions are widely used in server environments, embedded systems, and development due to their flexibility and command-line interface.
Windows: Windows is a family of proprietary operating systems developed by Microsoft. It is known for its user-friendly graphical interface, compatibility with a wide range of applications, and widespread use in desktop and laptop computers. Windows offers various editions catering to different user needs.
e) Draw a flow chart and write an algorithm to find the sum of n numbers given as input. (You must use looping construct).
Steps to be followed for writing the algorithm:
Step 1: Begin
Step 2: Assign sum=0 and i=0 to the variables.
Step 3: Read the number max, n
Step 4: Continue with steps 5–6 until i=n is reached.
Step 5: Add the sum and i , and put it in sum; sum=sum=i.
Step 6: Determine i=i+1.
Step 7: Print the total
Step 8: End.
And the flowchart is the diagrammatical representation of an algorithm.
f) Define the following terms in the context of programming with the help of an example for each:
(i) Loop- statement :- A loop statement is a fundamental programming concept that enables you to repeat a specific set of instructions multiple times. It’s used to automate tasks and process data systematically. Loop statements come in two main types: “for” loops, which iterate over a sequence of values, and “while” loops, which repeat as long as a given condition remains true. These constructs help streamline code, reduce redundancy, and
make programs more efficient by performing repetitive actions without manual intervention.
(ii) N-dimensional Arrays :- N-dimensional arrays, often referred to as “ND arrays,” are data structures used in programming to organize and store data in multiple dimensions. They extend the concept of one-dimensional arrays (lists) and two-dimensional arrays (matrices) to higher dimensions. ND arrays are essential for working with multi-dimensional data, such as images, audio, and scientific data.
(iii) Logical operators :- Logical operators are fundamental tools in programming for combining and manipulating boolean values (true or false). They allow you to make decisions and control the flow of your code based on different conditions. There are three main logical operators:
AND (&& or and): This operator returns true only if both operands are true.
Example:
x = True
y = False
x and y -> result is Falsen
OR (|| or or): This operator returns true if at least one of the operands is true.
Example:
x = True
y = False
x or y -> result is True
NOT (! or not): This operator returns the opposite of the operand’s Boolean value.
x = True
not x -> result is False
Logical operators are used to create complex conditions and perform branching in your code. They are crucial for making decisions and implementing conditional statements such as if-else statements and loops.
(iv) Relational Operators :- Relational operators are fundamental tools in programming that allow you to compare values and determine the relationship between them. These operators return a boolean value (true or false) based on the comparison result. There are several common relational operators:
Equal to (==): This operator checks if two values are equal.
Example:
x = 5
y = 5
x == y -> result is True
Not equal to (!=): This operator checks if two values are not equal.
Example
x = 5
y = 3
x != y -> result is True
Greater than (>): This operator checks if the left value is greater than the right value.
Example:
x = 7
y = 5
result = x > y -> result is True
Less than (<): This operator checks if the left value is less than the right value.
Example:
x = 3
y = 5
x < y -> result is True
Greater than or equal to (>=): This operator checks if the left value is greater than or equal to
the right value.
Example:
x = 5
y = 5
x >= y -> result is Truennn
Less than or equal to (<=): This operator checks if the left value is less than or equal to the
right value.
Example:
x = 3
y = 5
x <= y -> result is True
Relational operators are commonly used for decision-making, comparisons, and filtering data based on specific conditions. They play a vital role in creating logical expressions that control the flow of your program.
g) Explain the following with the help of an example/diagram, if needed:
(i) Proprietary software :- Proprietary software is privately developed and owned software that comes with restrictions on usage, modification, and distribution. Its source code is not publicly available, and users must adhere to licensing terms defined by the software’s owner.
(ii) Scheduling in the context of project management software :- Scheduling, in the context of project management software, refers to the process of planning and organizing tasks, activities, and resources within a project. It involves creating a timeline that outlines when each task or activity should start and finish, ensuring that the project progresses in an efficient and timely manner. Scheduling also helps identify dependencies between tasks and allocate resources effectively to meet project goals and deadlines.
(iii) Mail-merge in MS-Word :- Mail merge in MS Word is a feature that allows you to create personalized documents, such as letters, labels, envelopes, or emails, by merging a template document with a data source. It’s commonly used for sending mass communications with customized content. The process involves defining placeholders in the template document where data from the source (like a spreadsheet) will be inserted. Word then generates individual documents by replacing placeholders with corresponding data from the source, saving time and effort for creating personalized documents.
(iv) Creating tables using a DBMS :- Creating tables using a DBMS involves designing and setting up structured data containers within a database system. This includes defining column names, data types, and constraints to store and organize information efficiently. The process is guided by SQL commands and ensures data integrity and efficient data management.
E.g. –
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype constraint,
column2 datatype constraint,
…
PRIMARY KEY (one_or_more_columns)
);
Assignment Submission Last Date
The IGNOU open learning format requires students to submit study Assignments. Here is the final end date of the submission of this particular assignment according to the university calendar.
30th April (if Enrolled in the June Exams)
31st October (if Enrolled in the December Exams)
